AS Level History - Tsarist Russia, 1855 - 1917 Essay

AS Level History - Tsarist Russia, 1855 - 1917 - Essay Example Logically, a couple of the key qualities of the nation, (for example, the tremendous size and the decent variety issue which closed on the instability factor of the economy, the continuous improvement of the nation as a military state, and the destitution areas), established the framework of Tsarist Russia during 1855 with the legacy of Alexander II. In any case, like some other occasion of history and change the stage was set to nightfall by Nicholas II during the finish of 1917 (Bromley, J. â€Å"Russia, 1848-1917†). 1. Setting out on Reforms by Alexander II Alexander II assumed the most vital job in the supporting of Tsarist government through leaving a few changes which clearly finished up the way of thinking of Serfdom in Russian economy. It was in 1855 when Alexander II happened to be the ‘Tsar of Russia’ after the passing of Tsar Nicholas I. Thus, Russia was then engaged with the Crimean War which made an effect on the view of Alexander II in regards to the military standpoint of the economy. With this changed discernment, Alexander II set up a few changes, for example, the Emancipation Manifesto including 17 parliamentary acts intending to free the serfs (for example the class of workers in a general sense related with farming work) in Russia. The change additionally remunerated the privilege to the serfs to buy land from their proprietors and in this way nullified the act of individual serfdom in the economy. Significant, the sum to be payable thus of the land would be given by the administration ahead of time to the proprietors and will be recouped from the workers in customary spans. This to be sure made an exceptional weight on the serfs which was obviously on the opposing part of the principle goal of the change to cancel serfdom (Spartacus, â€Å"Alexander II†). Moreover, Alexander II presented numerous such changes which by implication fortified the influence of the well off class, influencing the interests of the poor class of the economy. For example, the foundation of Zemstvo in 1864 which would speak to a gathering in each area, having the option to develop streets, offer clinical types of assistance and instructive administrations to the nearby individuals. Be that as it may, the ability to choose the individuals from the Zemstvo was limited in the possession of the well off gathering of people groups exhibiting the disparity of rights existing inside the economy. Aside from this the Tsar ruler additionally acquainted changes planned with the improvement of the civil government, and widespread military preparing. He additionally underlined on the issue identified with the development of industrialisation and the railroads organizes all around the nation (Vernadsky, G., â€Å"A History of Russia†). 1.1. Motivations to Embark on these Reforms Alexander II picked up his recognizable proof as the ruler of Russia in 1855, by chance when the economy was confronting the issue of Crimean War w ith turkey which was happy with a bargain of Paris. This consequence of the war clearly influenced the impression of Alexander II affecting him to accept that the military province of Russia was on a ruin. Additionally, the examination of the Russian economy with that of France and Britain demonstrated that the economy is obviously at a more slow pace, insufficient to contend

Causes of the boom years in the 1920s Essay Example for Free

Reasons for the blast a very long time during the 1920s Essay Reasons for the blast years Businesses were working less hours anyway were being paid more. This thusly implied mechanical merchandise created were additionally expanding. American’s possessed more energy for relaxation and more cash so electrical work sparing gadgets were being presented getting reasonable by numerous individuals. Engine vehicles facilitated travel to and from fill in just as for relaxation interests. It was the brilliant age for film and game pulled in immense groups. Purposes behind thriving: government strategies Calvin Coolidge expressed ‘the boss business of the American individuals is business. ’ This was his administration strategy to let business work beyond what many would consider possible, liberated from guideline. Andrew Mellon and him accepted riches sifted down normally to all classes and to guarantee expanded expectations for everyday comforts for everything was to permit the rich to proceed with bring in cash to put resources into modern improvement which along these lines implied more openings for work, more breadwinners, more utilization and so on this arrangement was free enterprise yet the administration mediated to help business in 4 different ways: High taxes: Fordney-McCumber Act 1922 à ¯ raised taxes to cover distinction among residential and outside creation costs Less expensive to purchase merchandise from USA than abroad Tax level à ¯ outside products more costly than USA despite the fact that delivered less expensive in USA Remote exchange diminished = residential interest for products high Duty decreases: Government decreased bureaucratic expenses †1924, 1926 and 1928 (profited well off) Mellon à ¯ passed out duty decreases Coolidge à ¯ worked on excess Point à ¯ paid off national obligation, government tax reductions = implied little to poor as not ready to cover charges Less guidelines: Government Trade Commission à ¯ incapable and reluctant to work successfully causing organizations unhindered International strategies: Coolidge à ¯ maintained a strategic distance from association in outside undertakings because of spending cutting an acknowledgment that Americans didn’t need to see troops becoming involved with remote questions. This implied financial specialists would support benefit ever over moral concerns Specialized advances: Specialized advances in mechanical creation made increments in amount and assortment of items Engine vehicle industry: This industry developed drastically during the 1920s. It was the biggest for wares. Beforehand vehicles had just been for the rich yet Ford needed the conventional to have the option to bear the cost of one Impacts of development in vehicle proprietorship: Portage figured this would reinforce customary American qualities however it prompted: Street passings à ¯ 20,000 every year By 1929, engine industry utilized 7% all things considered and paid them 9% all things considered Conclusion of Ford à ¯ factor to downturn of 1927 Loss of business by organizations giving segments to Ford genuine issues in economy Street building: Breaking of free enterprise à ¯ government consume on street working in 1920s Administrative Highway Act 1921 à ¯ obligation regarding street working to focal government and parkways. Development = 10,000 miles for each year by 1929 Boss Designer in Bureau of Public Roads 1936 à ¯ streets constructed unfit for use as a result of measure of traffic Engine vehicles à ¯ new help ventures for example carports, gas stations and so on. Improved transportation = new open doors for industry Electrical shopper merchandise: New innovation = enormous scope improvement of work sparing gadgets as less expensive to deliver Genuine over creation = issues in economy New business strategies: Development of enormous organizations Huge organizations producing business = could put resources into and abuse crude materials of USA for immense scope Huge companies could command industry by: Working cartel (gathering of organizations consenting to fix yield and costs to decrease rivalry and boost benefits). Albeit unlawful, government acknowledged which included abuse of crude materials, retail outlets and so forth. A few associations had the option to adjust to holding organizations which brought about firms contending with one another The board science: Expanded size of organizations à ¯ complex to oversee = distinctive administration jobs by various individuals in organization Development of business colleges The executives science, occupation for high society = sign more enthusiastically to begin own organization Expanded creation Promoting and charismatic skill: Cinema A great many film goers to duplicate way of life of stars implied potential for promoting was tremendous Radio: Started with KDKA station which reported outcomes in 1920 decisions Radio’s constrained by 2 organizations with a huge crowd Consistent need to make request: Development in mechanical creation required a constant market so as to fuel the blast as individuals should have been persuaded to purchase things as often as possible. A part of a battle should have been purchased in which would separate between one’s item and that of the contenders to advance novel selling point. Promoting procedures worked for some shoppers. Simple credit: Huge customer blast was financed to a great extent by simple credit offices 1929 à ¯ $7 billion merchandise were sold on layaway †75% of vehicles and half of significant family unit apparatuses Accessibility of credit implied borrowers assumed obligations which they couldn't reimburse Impact in remote nations: High duties were utilized to ensure US advertises anyway the administration additionally urged agents to create broad interests abroad as far as crude materials that fuelled innovative turns of events. US sent out immense measures of made items. During the 1920s with practically full work, low expansion, high levies keeping outside merchandise out of USA, big-hearted government strategies and a customer blast the success would go on until the end of time.

Border Patrol Essay Topics - Tips For Writing the Essay

Border Patrol Essay Topics - Tips For Writing the EssayBorder Patrol essay topics are required to prepare for the test. You want to use these topics in your essay as a guideline for what they will cover on the actual test.Border Patrol essay topics should be about you, your experiences as a citizen and your thoughts on the issues related to the border patrol. The topics can touch on your profession, your sense of community, the whole idea behind the United States and the experience of being a citizen of this country. Whatever you write about should stand out and not be overly political or preachy.When writing your essay, it is a good idea to write out your topic outline. This will be the foundation upon which you build the rest of your essay. It can help if you put some thought into your outline. Determine what type of essay you want to do. Perhaps you have worked on other topical essays previously.One good tip for writing an essay on border patrol is to go back and look at some of t he examples and cover areas that you missed. Focus on areas of your topic that may be underdeveloped or that you may not have given enough thought to in your original draft. As you start to tackle each of the components of your topic, it is very easy to forget about things that you initially did not understand.Many students select specific topics in order to meet their requirements. It is a good idea to look for topics that you are passionate about. You want to learn about something that interests you.Many students start out by just writing general questions. However, they become lazy and they write unoriginal essays. They then find themselves reading about topics that are not particularly relevant. Therefore, it is best to start out with an original topic. As you start to see your writing progress, you can begin to include topics that relate more closely to the topic of border patrol. In your main body of the essay, you will want to be careful not to give too much attention to a si ngle topic. Instead, write about several aspects of the topic, and go back and look for topics that do not seem relevant later.If you write a few drafts of the essay, you will learn how to properly structure your writing. If you want to find out more tips and tricks for writing essays, you should check out some of the many excellent books available. You will be surprised how effective these guides can be.

Affirmative Action And The Civil Rights Movement Essay

Affirmative action is a strategy formed during the Civil Rights Movement in response to the prejudiced approach toward African American citizens in the American community. The policy advocates these citizens in particular conditions to avoid the unfairness they would usually receive. To explain why the system needed to be adjusted to be equal for everyone. It is essential to realize that African Americans came to America as laborers (slaves) made to work long hours and numerous slaves endured inhuman treatment and underwent severe injuries. American citizens in the South challenged a lengthy campaign to seek to continue to be permitted to own slaves but through Lincoln and abolitionist slave-owning was ultimately banished. Despite condemning slavery and installing multiple laws in society to assure African Americans be treated comparatively equal residents, this was not the situation in most regions in America particularly the South. Each endeavor by the government to secure the leve l treatment of the African American were met with difficulties. Companies in society rejected the idea to hire African Americans over a white American even if both had comparable abilities. As a consequence, African Americans could not be advanced in society and remained alternately crushed. This persecution transpired ignited the Civil Rights Movement and comprehensive transformation in American society. Affirmative Action was a component of the government’s acknowledgment of theShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights Movement1568 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action has had a very tumultuous 54-year history. Affirmative action was a strategy that forged the Civil Rights Movement in response to the prejudiced approach toward African American citizens in the United States. The policy advocates that black citizens in particular conditions to avoid the unfairness they would usually receive. To try and explain why the methods and laws needed to be adjusted to be equal for everyone. It is essential to realize that 20 Africans came to America inRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights Movement963 Words   |  4 Pagescalled â€Å"Affirmative Action† was introduced with the hope to engage more people of color into the society. Affirmative Action is an outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. Its purpose is to provide equal opportunities for members of minority groups and women in education and employment. It is not until 1961 did the term â€Å"affirmative action† was first used by President John F. Kennedy. He made it very clear in an Executive Order that directed government have to take â€Å"affirmative action to ensureRead MoreAffirmative Action : The Feminist And Civil Rights Movement1813 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative Action should remain in place with no changes because America still needs to proactively provide women and minorities with educational and employment opportunities. History shows affirmative action has advanced both the feminist and civil rights movements. However, an examination of current statistics shows there is still much work to be done to establish equality. Affirmative action is a necessary discrimination in today’s society because qualified individuals are given an opportunityRead MoreAffirmative Action During The Civil Rights Movement1237 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the civil rights movement, minorities were being oppressed and discriminated against. Minorities were losing out on opportunities and jobs. They felt like everything was just so unfair to them. This mistreatment happened until the government implemented affirmative action. Affirmative action allowed minorities more opportunities into schools and allowed more opportunities for jobs. It also allowed society to become more diverse with ethnicities and cultures. Affirmative action diluted theRead MoreAffirmative Action : A System Created During The Civil Rights Movement Essay1940 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative action was a system created during the civil rights movement to protect African Americans from racial discrimination. There are people in favor of affirmative action and feel like it’s necessary to have it in place to protect blacks against discrimination. Others believe that affirmative action harms blacks more than is benefits them. In fact they might say that affirmative action does not benefit them at all anymore. Both sides use the issue of diversity and blacks having negative consequencesRead More Affirmative Action Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, not ease, the nations internal divisions. Opponents of affirmative action say that the battle for equal rights is over, and that requiring quotas that favor one group over another is un-American. The people that defend it say that the playing field is not level, and that providing advantages for minorities and women isRead MoreKey Concepts That Have Impacted The Results Of The Civil Rights Movement1593 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThere are three key concepts that have impacted the results of the Civil Rights Movement. The Enumerated, Implied, and Reserved powers were created to help keep the two separate governments in balance. The Enumerated powers gave the government the right to coin money, declare war, etc. The Implied powers gave the government the right to create laws that they feel are necessary to carry out the laws that already exist. The Reserved powers were specifically assigned to the state government, and theirRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pageslives matter is an international activist movement that is highly supported by the African American community and was created in reaction to violence and racism towards African Americans. This movement began in 2013 when Trayvon Martin, an African American teenager was shot and killed by George Zimmerman who was a white police officer. Although the Black Lives Matter movement ha s many supporters, 78% of voting Americans favor All Lives Matter, a movement that criticizes Black Lives Matter, becauseRead MoreThe Turbulent Sixties - An essay about the turbulent 1960s decade and black civil rights.863 Words   |  3 PagesThe 1960s was a wild decade all around the world. It was a time of change, the baby boom generation was reaching adulthood, the culture of the time promoted sex, drugs and rock and roll, and civil rights issues were tearing the United States of America apart. Three major civil rights issues nearly tore the nation apart in the 1960s. Desegregation of the public school system had the end result of integrating black and white children into the same school. New Black Nationalism began to demand economicRead MoreAffirmative Action : Is It Still Needed1544 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States justice is defined as equal treatment of all its citizens under the law. When one citizen is mistreated an injustice has been committed against all peop le. Affirmative Action is a program whose purpose is to make sure that citizens are treated equally by enforcing a set of policies which are designed to promote the inclusion of all individuals regardless of race, disability, sex, or religion. In the United States democracy we are all equal, but some groups have been enjoying

Gun Control Debate - 2109 Words

Gun Control Debate Paper Today in the United States gun control is a topic of immense debate, because of the shooting that took place at Sandy Hook Elementary located in Newtown, Connecticut. This most recent tragic event ended the lives of 20 students and six adults. Similar events have occurred across the United States at a movie theater in Colorado, on college campuses in Texas and Virginia, or at the grocery store in Arizona each destroying families in many communities. The questions deserving consideration is have the American people had enough lives destroyed by these horrible events and are Americans ready for the federal government to impose stricter gun control laws. Learning Team C is for stricter gun control laws and will†¦show more content†¦In 1994, President William Clinton approved a law called Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. This act poured millions of dollars into law enforcement agencies to take back the American neighborhoods, one block at a time. Currently, Pres ident Barack Obama has proposed to Congress a plan improve the control of firearms in addition to opening more access to mental health services. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) a government agency, tasked to investigate and prevent federal offenses centered on the use, manufacturing, and owning of guns and all types of explosives. This department also oversees the licenses, sales, and transportation of any firearm, ammunition or explosive from state to state. In the 20th century, the number of crimes using fully and semi-automatic weapons rose. Two infamous incidents are the Saint Valentine’s Day massacre of 1929 and the other occurred in 1997 when two gunmen engaged in a shootout with police in North Hollywood, California. During this same period organization like the National Rifle Association (NRA), Gun Owners of America (GOA), and Handgun Control, Inc (HCI) were rallying support for an anti-gun control position. In the 21st century as violence increases, pro-gun organizations still oppose the majority of the gun control proposals. According to, the article Gun Control FactsShow MoreRelatedDebate on Gun Control518 Words   |  2 PagesThe Debate on Gun Control The debate concerning gun control has recently become as popular as ever. People question if guns are really necessary. Some wonder that if the government regulates who has the right to own a gun crime rates and death could decrease in the Unites States. Others believe that guns aren’t to blame for deaths; â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people kill people†. How can we conclude which side is right if they both strongly believe in their argument? There are always two sides toRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control878 Words   |  4 Pages Debate on Gun Control Gun control is such a hot debate in the United States of America especially in the wake of so many recent, tragic mass shootings. In this nation nearly half of all US households own at least one gun, and about 31,537 people die from a gunshot each year. There should be some gun control in the United States of America; due to the number of murders of young teenagers and those who are harmless. Someone on an opposing side would say that they disagree, because many peopleRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control1712 Words   |  7 Pages This paper explores gun control through five main articles. There are many standpoints that take place due to the diversity of the articles used. Gun control is a global topic and it comes up in the news all of the time. It affects society because of its wide range of topics it is involved in. This paper talks about different standpoints on gun control, from it why it should be in place, to why it shouldn t be in place, to how other countries have used it. It includes statistics about mass shootingsRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control2134 Words   |  9 Pages Guns Do Not Belong on Campus The debate on gun control has been an issue in the United States since the country began. The founding fathers of the nation considered the issue so important it was addressed in the second amendment to the Constitution which states, A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (US Const. amend. II). Of course these words have been interpreted differently through theRead MoreThe Gun Control Debate in America1159 Words   |  5 PagesGUN CONTROL DEBATE IN AMERICA Gun control has become a very hot topic of contention in America today. What seems to echo here are two words: â€Å"guns† and â€Å"crime†, in a sense that are these words mutually exclusive to each other? Does the use of guns ultimately lead to crime? On the flip side, have the laws in America restricting firearm use been effective enough to protect the lives of the citizens? These are some of the questions that strike the hearts of many when the gun control debate music isRead MoreEssay on The Gun Control Debate865 Words   |  4 Pagesstrict gun control policy: if theres a gun around, I want to be in control of it. -- Clint Eastwood Gun control has a history dating back to 1791, when the Second Amendment of the Constitution was ratified. However, more recently, the debate over gun control has escalated into a much more public issue to which many citizens can relate. After all, stories about incidents involving guns appear frequently today in newspapers and on television or the radio. One could say that the debate startedRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1732 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of gun control has become very popular in recent years as there is now more controversy than ever about the role that guns play in today’s world. I have come to be interested in this topic because it seems like not a day goes by anymore where there isn’t a newspaper published with an article slandering either the pro or anti gun control activists. Going into this topic, I was assuming that I would end up reading about a lot of school shootings and how it is just guns that are causingRead MoreThe Debate On Gu n Control Laws915 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens and lawmakers when creating laws regarding gun control. However, the debate on gun control is nothing new. In 1924, Presidential candidate, Robert La Follete said, â€Å"Our choice is not merely to support or oppose gun control but to decide who can own which guns under what conditions.† This debate has been brought up multiple times still in modern day due to no one settling on laws regarding ownership of a firearm. Statistic rates show gun control laws in fact do work, so why haven’t law officialsRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Gun Control1604 Words   |  7 Pageswith the governance of a country or other area. This especially applies to the debate or conflict among individuals or parties in hope of achieving power. Dealing with politics there is always a side that agrees and disagrees, thus developing the debate. Two of the most domestic controversial political topics are abortion and gun control. As for internat ional there is terrorism. These three topics have been ongoing debates for some time. Everyone’s opinion on political controversies can be based onRead MoreThe Debate On Owning A Gun Control1409 Words   |  6 PagesToday, the debate on owning a gun has many sides: there are many positives and negatives that come into play when talking about gun control. Gun control is a very controversial issue, however, with the right prevention steps one could relax knowing that the situation is finally being addressed. Most citizens have the right to have a gun other than felons. Felons have no rights to a gun and can not own or have one in their possession. Many people have their own feeling on guns on if they should have

Children Of The School Age - 1599 Words

Every child of school age, 5-18 years, in the United States, is required to be in an educational program. Making decisions for one’s self or for the wellbeing of another may require good common sense, research and knowledge in order to settle on what is best. One important decision that most people will have to make for themselves or another is about learning. Knowledge, behaviors, skills, values and preferences are all associated with learning and may be acquired through education. In our world today there are many ways to get an education: public school, private school, charter school, homeschool, etc. Per the National Center for Education Statistics, for the fall of 2016, about 50.4 million students attend public elementary and secondary schools. An average of $11,732 per pupil in public schools is spent from taxpayers. School aged children are expected by truancy laws, to be in attendance unless their family has chosen another option. Another popular option for families is to homeschool their student). Homeschool is a parent-led home-based education. Per research by Brian D. Ray, Ph.D., there are about 2.3 million home-educated students in the United States. An average of $600 per student in homeschool is spent by families for their education. There are many advantages and disadvantages to a student being enrolled in homeschool or public school but the overriding goal for either is to create a learning experience to educate children. The learningShow MoreRelatedYoung School Age Children852 Words   |  4 PagesYoung School Age Children There are many types of people in a community. Whether one categorizes by age, health, or even wealth, each person falls into a group. The group of choice for focus is young school age children. This group includes children, male and female, from five years of age to seven years of age. These children are in preschool, kindergarten, and first grade. These children are in a slow and steady growth and development. At this age they should be highly active, enjoy learningRead MoreSchool Age Is The Perfect Time For Children916 Words   |  4 PagesSchool-age (ages six through twelve) is the perfect time for children to establish positive lifelong habits, such as good choices and exercise. This is the time they start a busy social life and begin to help choose their own lifestyle. During early childhood and the school-age years, children begin to establish habits for eating and exercising that stick with them throughout their lives (Paul Robinson, 2011). However, even children who ha ve developed a taste for nutritious foods may changeRead MoreTheories Of The Theory Of School Age Children Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesprospectus, the propositions will be rearranged with the desired population at hand. School-age children are influenced by the culture, beliefs, attitudes, and prior health behaviors. These children will enact in behaviors they deem to have valuable benefits when performed, which will be an essential influence on the retention rate of these children in the ASP. Activities and education must be enticing to the children in order for the ASP to be a success. The perception of ability or inability to performRead MoreVitamin Deficiency And School Age Children994 Words   |  4 PagesVITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN Generally, vitamins are dietary substance that cannot be manufactured by our body, hence it has to be consumed. It is not energy producing substance but needed in a small quantity in order to help with the metabolic functions of our body. When consumed in the required quantities, it helps to prevent and assist in the associated deficiency diseases. According to vitamin categories, vitamin A belongs to the group of fat soluble vitamins which comprises ofRead MoreInterview With High School Age Children986 Words   |  4 Pageschose to interview is Mrs. Felicia Colbert. She is a current assistant principal at my school. Mrs. Colbert’s experience familiarity extends from a classroom instructor to instructional educators as an assistant director. Her capability surpasses 15 years of service in and out the core content of science. Her experience in administration includes two years at middle school level and five years at a high school level as an assistant principal. I designated Mrs. Colbert as my professional to interviewRead MoreEarly Intervention For Children Of School Age886 Words   |  4 Pagesintervention applies to and is used for children of school age or younger ages 0-6 years old who are exposed to have or be at risk of developing a disability or other special need that may affect their overall development whi ch causes them to be delayed. Early intervention is used to improve the overall development of infants and toddlers with disabilities, help reduce potential developmental delays (Goode, 2011). Early intervention comprises in providing services for children and their families for the purposeRead MoreMandatory Vaccinations Of School Age Children1473 Words   |  6 Pageskindergarten students have not had the proper vaccinations required of school age children (PBS). All 50 states prohibit students who lack proper vaccinations from attending public, and many private, schools (CDC). However, exemptions to this rule are made if the vaccination requirement conflicts with the religious beliefs (effective in all 50 states) or philosophical beliefs (effective in 19 states) of the parents of these children (CDC). The number of parents with â€Å"philosophical beliefs† against vaccinationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Therapeutic Play With School Age Children768 Words   |  4 PagesFor chi ldren, surgery can be an overwhelming and stressful experience. Compared to adults, children undergoing surgery are more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and feelings of ambiguity due to their cognitive development and limited capacity to understand reasoning behind his or her surgery. Today, the implementation of child focused preoperative preparation is lacking. With the increasing amount of same-day surgical procedures, children only have hours to build rapport with their healthcareRead MoreSchool Age Children Vs. North Carolina992 Words   |  4 PagesObesity in school-age children is a problem in North Carolina. North Carolina is the 23rd most obese state in the United States for children – 31.4% of youth in North Carolina are overweight or obese. (â€Å"Child Obesity Rate†) There is a mandated physical education requirement for school-age children attending public schools in North Carolina. The North Carolina State Board of Education Policy Manual states that every kindergarten through eighth student should be engaged in at least 30 minutes ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Mandated Immunization For School Age Children1996 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Mandated Immunization for School Age Children in California Christopher A. Housmans, BSN, RN, PHN San Diego State University Introduction Immunization for school age children is an integral aspect of early healthcare and is a reliable method of developing resistance to specific, potentially life threatening diseases. Immunization, which is also known as vaccination, is crucial as it not only protects the immunized individual but also the surrounding community members

Natural Disasters In Developing Countries †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Why Are You Best-Placed To Address This Development Need? How Does The Concept Utilize Australian Expertise? How Does The Concept Complement Australian Foreign? Development And Trade Policies In The Relevant Country Or Region? Answers: Introducation Natural disasters have a very strong negative impact on the economy and in life of people. Every year, thousands of people die or get affected due to natural disasters in many corners of the world. These disasters cause direct and indirect losses. This is a very serious concern for the developing as well as for the develop countries (Dominey-Howes, Gorman-Murray McKinnon, 2014). The EOI focuses on reducing the impact of natural disasters on Philippines with the help of the disaster aid scheme by the Australian government. To reduce the impact of natural disasters, the first thing to be done is to understand the range of devastation caused by these disasters. These cause adverse long term consequences for the economic growth and development in a country. Hence, actions should be taken to assess the potential damages and effective disaster management, so that the effects on mankind can be reduced (Smith, 2013). The Scheme priorities are to make a strong regional collaboration, strengthen the capability of the public sector in the developing countries, such as, Philippines, which is a natural disaster prone country, and improving the access to financial services. When a natural calamity occurs, every sector of the economy gets affected negatively, and the impact is more in the developing countries, like Philippines due to weaker economy. The disaster management aims to reduce the impact of natural disasters, which includes almost every sector of the economy of the affected country or region. For example, through hazard and risk management under the funding scheme, the collaboration of the regions occurs. As the funding comes, the public sector of the developing country can improve its quality of service for addressing the constraints. The aid also helps to support the financial sector of the country to develop(Stone, 2014). The main activities include the following things. Natural hazard and risk assessment and management, done on a priority basis. The governmental rules for suitable task management strategies for making financial plans for the next 8-10 years will be followed. For effective disaster risk management, quality and reliable scientific information is extremely important. Hence, global and regional research and the information systems should be supported to collect data and analyze them accurately for forecasting (Filatova, 2014). The proposed outcomes are the efficient management of the damage from disasters. The risk management would be integrated in long term national investment policies and development strategies and those will be reflected in allocation of the financial resources. Through the long term financial plan, the basis for the funding would be broadened, and various combinations of mechanisms would be applied at different levels of loss coverage for overcoming the hurdles for increased insurance coverage and capital market tools and equipment (Melo Zurita et al., 2015). When these activities would go ahead, the difference would be visible in infrastructure, information systems, and economic development. However, the difference would be best visible if a disaster happens in future. How much the country has prepared itself for the natural disaster with the help of the aid can only be tested accurately if another disaster happens. The counterparts and implementation partners in these activities would be the infrastructural development companies under the Philippines government and some private sector companies. Contracts need to be made with these companies for undertaking the developmental activities. Development need to be addressed Resettlement post disaster is a very difficult process, for development after any natural disaster, there has to be recovery assessment report. The report would focus on the areas that would require development. The development needs largely depends upon the type of natural disaster. Some of the measures taken for resettlement are same while other areas of development differ. Practically in all the natural disasters the infrastructure are required to be developed. Post natural disasters, be it earthquakes, tsunamis or floods, the damage to the infrastructure is caused (Stone, 2014). Causalities Management- There are a number of causalities that are being caused by the disasters, these causalities require immediate attention, the injured people are required to be provided medical assistance. This is the very first step that is required to be taken care, because some of the causalities conditions are very critical and lack of medical assistance might lead to further health concerns, which might be fatal. Health related development- Apart from the causalities management there are number of other activities that are required to be done, at times there are cases that disasters causes outbreak of certain infectious diseases which not taken care would result in risking the health and safety of other people as well. The victims with less severe causalities are required to be given vaccines and medicines so that they get resistance from other more severe diseases (Filatova, 2014). Food and other basic necessities- Post disaster, the victims needs to be given food and water supplies and other necessary items like clothes, blankets and medicines for the victims. Infrastructure development needs- Post disaster there is disruption of the normal lives of people, after the assessment of the damages, certain steps for infrastructure development is done. The roads, buildings, communication networks, like phone and mobile towers are affected, public places, the modes of conveyance are also affected. In this step of development scheme in order to start the resettlement, quick actions are to taken for construction of damaged roads and public places. The disrupted networks are to be reconstructed so that communicating becomes easier (Blaikie et al., 2014). Resettlement- Since after disasters the lives of the people are not like it had been before, there are huge damages that are caused to the wealth and personal belongings of the people, for them starting their normal lives would require funds. Compensation and the damage costs are to be provided to the victims so that they can start their lives like before. In developing countries like Philippines where Agriculture is the chief occupation, the sad part is that agricultural lands are very much affected by disasters like floods, famines and tsunamis and plantations are destroyed by disasters like cyclones. The people are required to be provided employment so that they can start their lives like before (Klomp, 2016). Development of disaster management team- The disaster management team are required to be trained properly so that in future they can respond to this type of crisis situations in a better and efficient manner, natural disasters cannot be predicted and can also not be prevented so people are required to be prepared for it before hand (Deuchert Felfe, 2015). As a consultant, I think my expertise, experience and knowledge in this particular area makes me eligible for being the consultant on this particular issue. As a consultant, I have provided suggestions to various other organizations who volunteer for disaster management post disasters. The recommendations have always been effective and all the areas of development are generally covered in this particular topic. My experience in this field gave e knowledge to be an expert for providing expert advises, moreover my organization is an expert organization when it comes to providing assistance in such situations. We have collaborations with some of the finest research teams in Australia that provides reports in this particular context, which help us provide best consultation on scenarios based on the type of disaster and the nature of calamities. After working in this area for almost ten years, I have known the detailed concepts of disaster management and its aftermath. I have previously p rovided my consultation to countries like Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia. My consultations in those countries have been very effective and since then many other organizations have consulted our firm so that appropriate measures can be taken in this context of disasters (Neumayer, Plmper Barthel, 2014). A lot of factors are considered while making a development scheme or plan for countries like Philippines, which is a developing country and where disasters affect the lively hood of the people to great extent. Floods and famines completely destroy the infrastructure and agriculture which is the main profession of people in that country. Therefore, it is very important that the resettlement and development plan be made as early as possible so that the people start to live like before. Our firm provides the best guidance in this reference. Apart from that we have tie-ups with therapists who provide counseling sessions for the victims so that they can start their lives like before. The aftermath of disasters leaves a long-lasting impact on the minds of survivors so this particular service is provided to the countries as a token of help from our organization as we do not consider this as business rather our moral and ethical responsibility to help the disaster-hit countries (Takahashi, T andoc Carmichael, 2015). Australia is considered as developed economies and has sufficient resources, both financial and human. This resources and capabilities can be utilized in assisting the people of any other developing country. The location of Australia is also very favorable in terms providing assistance to Philippines, the assistance can be provided through airways. The skilled human capital of Australia can be provided to the country to provide physical assistance in case of disasters. The cordial relationship of Australia and Philippines forms a very logical ground for providing assistance to the country. The disaster management tea of Australia is very effective as it can act effectively during the times of disasters. There are many skilled people whose capabilities can be used for managing the disasters. The technologies used in Australia are quite advanced and it can be used for providing assistance in such situations (Childfund.org, 2014). Australia Philippines relationship dates back to 1946, when Australia opened a Consulate of General in Manila. The countries are engaged in bilateral relation and comprehensive partnership. Australia has a strong foreign and trade policy for Philippines and along with the comprehensive partnership, the relationship has become more strong over the 70 years. The increasing people-to-people link, assistance for developing the sustainable growth, investment and trade for expanding the economic ties, and in other sectors. ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) supports the trade relationship with Philippines (Philippines.embassy.gov.au, 2017). The trade volume has been increasing over the years. The level of migration, investment and aids from Australia has increased significantly in the past decade. Australia provided $10 million aid to Philippines in 2013 after the disaster of Typhoon Haiyan happened (ABC News, 2013). In this scenario, the government funding scheme f or natural disaster management would be welcomed by Philippines. Australia has invested AUD 9.6 billion in 2014 in Philippines, while the total Philippine investment in Australia was AUD 600 million. More than 200 Australian firms have opened their business in Philippines and have generated employment of over 30,000 Filipino people (Amador, 2017). When a natural disaster hits Philippines, these Australian companies would also suffer along with the Filipino industries. Hence, the Australian government should increase the funding towards natural disaster management in Philippines. This would not only benefit the economic sector, but would have a long term effect on the lives of people. The economy includes education sector, health sector, financial sector, industries, manufacturing, services, and travel and tourism sectors. The funding scheme must include developmental conditions for all these sectors, because, these are regulatory forces of the lives of people in a country. Apart fro m the funding from the Australian government, many private investors are welcome to come forward for providing relief funds in Philippines. The private and public collaboration in funding would be more helpful, as this would enable the organizations to focus on specific sectors. Thus, the allocation of funds and its utilization would be more efficient (Benson Clay, 2012). The involvement of other donor organizations will increase the amount of total aid from Australia to Philippines. This would not only improve the trade and investment relationships between the two countries, but will also improve the quality of life of the Filipino people even after any disaster happens. If the public and private sector organizations provide conditional grant, meant to be utilized in a particular sector, such as health, education or infrastructure, the efficient allocation of funds would bring more effective outcome in terms of development. This helps in overall improvement of the disaster affected region. Thus, with liberal trade and investment policies and strong economic relations, the grant in aid scheme of the Australian government for the natural disaster prone Philippines would be beneficial for the developing economy of Philippines (Redcross.org.au, 2015). References ABC News. (2013).Australia pledges $10m for Philippines in wake of Typhoon Haiyan.ABC News. Retrieved 10 September 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-11/global-aid-response-typhoon-haiyan-australia-red-cross/5082024 Amador, J. (2017).Implications of the Philippines-Australia Comprehensive Partnership.Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies (CIRSS). Retrieved 10 September 2017, from https://www.fsi.gov.ph/implications-of-the-philippines-australia-comprehensive-partnership/ Benson, C., Clay, E. (2012).Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters: an Assessment of Their Effects and Options for Mitigation.ODI - Shaping policy for development. Retrieved 10 September 2017, from https://www.odi.org/publications/5011-economic-and-financial-impacts-natural-disasters-assessment-their-effects-and-options-mitigation. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., Wisner, B. (2014).At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. Childfund.org. (2014).The Effects of Natural Disasters.Childfund.org. Retrieved 10 September 2017, from https://www.childfund.org/Content/NewsDetail/2147489272/ Deuchert, E., Felfe, C. (2015). The tempest: Short-and long-term consequences of a natural disaster for children? s development.European Economic Review,80, 280-294. Dominey-Howes, D., Gorman-Murray, A., McKinnon, S. (2014). Queering disasters: On the need to account for LGBTI experiences in natural disaster contexts.Gender, Place Culture,21(7), 905-918. Filatova, T. (2014). Market-based instruments for flood risk management: a review of theory, practice and perspectives for climate adaptation policy.Environmental science policy,37, 227-242. Klomp, J. (2016). Economic development and natural disasters: A satellite data analysis.Global Environmental Change,36, 67-88. Melo Zurita, M. D. L., Cook, B., Harms, L., March, A. (2015). Towards new disaster governance: Subsidiarity as a critical tool.Environmental Policy and Governance,25(6), 386-398. Neumayer, E., Plmper, T., Barthel, F. (2014). The political economy of natural disaster damage.Global Environmental Change,24, 8-19. Philippines.embassy.gov.au.(2017).Australia-Philippines relationship. Philippines.embassy.gov.au. Retrieved 10 September 2017, from https://philippines.embassy.gov.au/mnla/relations.html Redcross.org.au. (2015).World Disasters Report 2015 | Australian Red Cross.Redcross.org.au. Retrieved 10 September 2017, from https://www.redcross.org.au/world-disasters-report-2015.aspx Smith, K. (2013).Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge. Stone, R. C. (2014). Constructing a framework for national drought policy: The way forwardThe way Australia developed and implemented the national drought policy.Weather and Climate Extremes,3, 117-125. Takahashi, B., Tandoc, E. C., Carmichael, C. (2015). Communicating on Twitter during a disaster: An analysis of tweets during Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.Computers in Human Behavior,50, 392-398.

Shards of Silver Fade by Midnight Odyssey free essay sample

While Ive only really talked about this genius here once, my review for Funerals From the Astral Space managed a magazine placement which I thought was utterly awesome. Its been four years and now Dis Pater has released yet another bonified masterpiece. Midnight Odyssey is a one man Australian enterprise with Dis Pater at the main helm of it all. This band includes all things spacey and atmospheric in the world of Black Metal. This album could very well beat out its predecessor with a slight change in style, longer tracks and adding a new layer yo this space themed world that he creates. This album is almost 150 minutes in length making it much longer than Funerals which was only two hours in comparison. This album isnt quite as heavy, or as brutal as the last because one Dis prefers to have more melodic sections and more clean vocals as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Shards of Silver Fade by Midnight Odyssey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This mostly present in the first track where you will find it takes forever to get the heavy part, but thats ok, because the atmosphere before paints out a more desolate, cold, dark space that you cant escape. Imagine if this actually happened to you, I would imagine youd be terrified and never want to see the night sky again right? Well its the same feeling here except this time, you wish to never return to Earth again because of how soothing it can really be. Not one track in this album is shorter than 14 minutes which means youre in for some epic, epic music here and the number of tracks are also cut in half with four on each disk. Expect to come in with in open mind and maybe hear some nebula nearby or perhaps a supernova only blasting miles from you. Thats what space feels like, that is what Midnight Odyssey sounds like. I almost guarantee you will like this album. The album may be quite lengthy but you will enjoy every second of it. I give this a 10/10 it surpassed all expecta tions when coming in and blasted them with gamma rays. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

buy custom Clinical Support Services essay

buy custom Clinical Support Services essay Support services give organization strength to offer its services. Harris County Hospital District (HCHD) is a public hospital that uses various clinical support services effectively. The hospital practice unique management process, which make it, cost- effective. This benefits pharmacy department and large number of patient. The pharmacy department, had a drug budget of more than $ 75 million and more than 27% of residence of Harris district, receive treatment here. HCHD has a unique formula decision process. Medications selections depend on need, safety and cost- effectiveness. Pharmacy and Therapeutics (PT) Committee comprising of physicians, pharmacists, dieticians, nurses and administrators are drawn in in the formula decision process. When an additional medication to a rug is a request, the requester must attach clinical trials, practice guidelines, estimated use and pertinent information among others (Henry, 2011). A sub- committee is put into place, and its recommendations forwarded to PT committee, for considerations. These recommendations can rage from additional to formulary, additional with restriction or remain non formulary. The committee presents its recommendation to the medical board which can approve, denies or modifies the recommendations. The non formulary process begins when a pharmacist receives a non formula medication for a patient. This includes patients information, drug request with dose, frequency and routing, the duration and justification of the request. The pharmacist, then present the request to the pharmacy supervisor who can only approve requests with low- cost impact. Medical Utilization Evaluations take place in additional of a new drug formula. There is data collection and analyzing by pharmacy specialist who present then to a subcommittee. The recommendations are then forwarded to Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee for approval. Pharmaceutical Bids follow several considerations. This ensures most economical bids get approval. These factors include cost of the drug, dispensing data, inpatient utilization, and market share, out patient utilization, patient assistance programs, product availability and purchase history. Budget and cost effectiveness are also in use by HCDH. Clinical and healthy care resources are inadequate, but their demand is unlimited. Clinical services should be managed effectively. HCDT is an outstanding example for other hospitals and medical practitioners. Buy custom Clinical Support Services essay

Argumentative essay Roman Fever By Edith Wharton

Moral Issues Related To Seven Deadly Sins - Essay Example The book is very comprehensive from the foreword to the content and yet, it appears that many people are still oblivious about these. Sin is elucidated in the forward and the sins to be tackled were likewise discussed beforehand. The stories and the beginning of the ideas behind seven deadly sins can be traced back to St. Gregory as well as his identification of the normal dangers of the soul while taking into consideration Mahatma Gandhi. It also examines the classifications and perils represented by the seven deadly sins one by one. The plot of Wharton’s short story can be compared to a house of cards. Each card has significant support to the entire structure that if one is taken out, it will lose its essence. The commencing scene where daughters, Barbara and Jenny, run off to meet young provokes Mrs. Slade’s memories of her as well as Mrs. Ansley’s romantic adventures in Rome, 25 years prior to the present scene. She tried to share how Ansley has changed physically. Her observation establishes the concealed rancor she feels towards her companion and predicts every so implicitly the incongruous ending. Edith Wharton defies the thought of knowledge as well as understanding, even a person’s private experiences. The employment of Jackie Royster’s scenic analysis to Wharton’s Roman fever represents the idea that any person just because of envy and competition never achieve an awareness of the reality of human life as well as existence. This can be seen in the story when â€Å"She wished that Jenny falls in love- with the wrong man, even; that she might have to be watched, outmaneuvered, rescued† (Wharton, p.50). This is already evidence of how evil can manipulate and poison one’s mind just because of envy.

Answer my questions that i will attached Assignment - 1

Answer my questions that i will attached - Assignment Example This position of control is not a productive one – it â€Å"guarantees the owner a part in the process of production† (Marglin, 1974: 62) and ensures that the owner can accumulate wealth. Secondly, the factory system, Landes summarizes Marglin, was a disciplinary system only geared toward discipline, control and supervision of workers. Marglin goes further to argue that this was the primary focus of the factory: to ensure the power of the capitalist, rather than to maximize the economic or technological efficiency of the production process (Marglin, 1974: 84). To some degree, the arguments Marglin presents do present an approach diametrically opposed to those of Landes, and indeed seem to be largely ideological in their aim. He claims, for example, that factory work is necessarily alienating, because the producer must take orders from the capitalist in the factory system (ibid. at: 61). This alienation of the producer form his work also fits into the traditional social hierarchies of society, ensuring that only a â€Å"very few at the top of the pyramid† (ibid. at: 60) are able to attain self-expression in their work. Additionally, Marglin equates the wage-advance system to a kind of diabolical plan. The capitalist binds the worker legally to his â€Å"master† (ibid. ... He quotes particularly the work of Adam Smith, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† in his argument to support reasons contrasting those of Marglin to explain the development of division of labor through specialization and the development of the factory system. Specialization may have been a necessity to ensure that the worker increased dexterity and efficiency in the execution of the job. Time was saved, as the producer would not have to set up the process, or re-set up the new task. With simplified tasks, the worker’s techniques could improve, to increase the efficiency of production (Landes, 1986: 587, 591). This argument is extended to explain the surge in new industrial invention: the repetitive tasks workers were completing suggested the invention of machines able to perform the same tasks. In factory setups, cheaper labor could be hired to perform more menial tasks, machines could supplement output and perform repetitive task, and the capitalist would benefit because the specialized worker’s output would consequently be greater (ibid. at: 604). The advantage for producers was that they would not have the energy, materials, space, tools and machinery or security and environmental costs related to industrial production (ibid. at: 604). The producer was also able to focus time and energy on the product manufacture only (ibid. at: 597, 598, and 604). It is evident, hence, that Landes proposes that the capitalist is integral to the process of production, not just an accumulative figure unrelated to the production process (ibid. at: 585). The employer organizes the process toward the production of a marketable product, ensures the sale and distribution of that product, and provides conditions – factory space,

Insider Trading Essay Example for Free

Insider Trading Essay Our era aptly has been styled, and well may be remembered as, the age of information. Francis Bacon recognized nearly 400 years ago that knowledge is power, (Nickels ,McHugh 2011) â€Å"Insider trading is an unethical activity in which insiders use private company information to further their own fortunes or those of their families or friends†. Pg.101 Insider trading is a term that includes both legal and illegal conduct. The legal version is when corporate insiders—officers, directors, and employees—buy and sell stock in their own companies. Illegal insider trading refers generally to buying or selling a security, in breach of a fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, while in possession of material, nonpublic information about the security. (Agnello Donnelley 1975) Stated if every member of a community has unlimited access to the resources of the community, then the communitys resources soon will be used up unless they happen to be available in infinite supply. The system of private ownership of assets, by contrast, effectively can use the price system to ration the assets in such a way as to preserve them properly and to benefit all members of the community. pg. 521 The Insider Trading Debate Arthur Levitt stated in 1998 that more Americans were investing in the stock market than ever before and Americans had almost twice as much money invested in the stock market as in commercial banks. The illegal version of insider trading most of us think of; is the type of insider trading that achieved wide-spread in the 1980’s with the SECs civil cases and the United States Department of Justices criminal cases against Michael Milken and Ivan Boesky which inspired even Hollywoods imagination with the movie Wall Street. It is the trading that takes place when those privileged with confidential information about important events use the special advantage of that knowledge to reap profits or avoid losses on the stock market, to the detriment of the source of the information and to the typical investors who buy or sell their stock without the advantage of inside information. According to ( Manne 1966) â€Å"Some argue that insider trading is a legitimate form of compensation for corporate employees, permitting lower salaries that, in turn, benefit shareholders. It provides an incentive to innovation, some argue, by promising huge rewards for developing a plan or product that will lead to a precipitous rise in the stock†. (Easterbrook 1985). Found that â€Å"Members of the legal community denounce the practice of insider trading. They view insider trading as an unethical abuse of power by corporate officers and directors. people who have invested resources to develop their human capital to better assimilate information, or corporate officers and directors are always going to have superior access to information†. The case of USA vs Raj Rajaratnam An excellent example referring to insider trading would be the Raj Rajaratnam incident. (Belczyk U.S. Attorney’s Office 2011). A federal jury in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York found that Galleon Group hedge fund founder Raj Rajaratnam orchestrated the largest hedge fund insider trading case in US history and convicted Rajaratnam on all 14 counts of insider trading including; five counts of conspiracy to commit securities fraud and nine counts of committing securities fraud from 2003 to March 2009. In just over 18th months, this office has charged 47 individuals with insider trading crimes; Rajaratnam is the 35 person to be convicted. On Oct. 2011 Rajaratnam was sentenced to 11 years in prison In addition to his prison term, Rajaratnam was sentenced to two years of supervised release and ordered to pay forfeiture in the amount of $53,816,434 and a $10 million fine. RAJARATNAM will surrender to authorities on November 28, 2011. (Richey 2011) On Janu ary 20, 2011 Danielle Chiesi was arrested in 2009 along with Galleon Group hedge fund founder Raj Rajaratnam. After pleading guilty in connection with the case and was accused of communicating non-public information about IBM Corporation, Advanced Microdevices (AMD) and Sun Microsystems (now Sun-Oracle) in 2008 and 2009 to her superiors at New Castle Funds LLC, a Manhattan-based investment advisory company formerly part of Bear Stearns. Danielle was accused of using the information to reap more than $4 million in illegal profits for New Castle. Danielle Chiesi admitted to exploiting her access to valuable non-public information to reap $1.7 million in illegal gains. By sharing and conspiring to trade on inside information, Chiesi compromised the companies she sold out and distorted the market for their stocks. (Richey 2011) Former IBM senior vice president Robert Moffat was sentenced to six months in prison in September and ordered him to pay a $50,000 fine for his role in the scheme after pleading guilty in March 2010. Former Intel Capital executive Rajiv Goel pleaded guilty to insider trading charges in February 2010. Rajaratnam, Chiesi, Goel and Moffat were arrested in October 19, 2009 and charged along with two other individuals and two business entities with insider trading. The complaint alleged that the individuals provided Galleon Group and another hedge fund with material nonpublic information about several corporations upon which the funds traded, generating $25 million in illicit gain. References Agnello Donnelley, Property Rights and EJjiciency in the Oyster Industry, 18 J.L. ECON. (1975) pg. 521 Easterbrook, Insider Trading as an Agency Problem, in PRINCIPALS AND AGENTS: THE STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS (Pratt Zeckhauser eds. 1985). Pg. 330 Henry B. Manne, Insider Trading and the Stock Market (1966) (insider trading increases market efficiency because it produces desirable incentives on corporate managers). Retrieved from: http://www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1966speech.shtml Jaclyn Belczyk U.S. ATTORNEYS OFFICE(2011) May 11, 2011. Retrieved from: http://jurist.org/paperchase/2011/05/us-hedge-fund-founder-convicted-of-insider-trading.php Jurist Legal News Research (2011): Jaclyn Belczyk, Daniel Richey Retrieved from: http://jurist.org Testimony of Arthur Levitt Concerning Appropriation for Fiscal Year 1999; March 19, 1998 Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary of the Senate Committee Appropriations. Retrieved from: http://www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1998/spch221.htm Understanding Business Nickels, McHugh, McHugh pg. 101 United States Attorney Southern District of New York (2011), U.S. ATTORNEYS OFFICE ELLEN DAVIS, CARLY SULLIVAN,JERIKA RICHARDSON,EDELI RIVERAPUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE: Retrieved from: http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/May11/rajaratnamrajverdictpr.pd

Biology and Philosophy of Love :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Biology and Philosophy of Love What does it mean to love another person? This question is one that virtually every person has asked himself at some point; virtually every school of thought that exists has attempted to provide an answer of some sort. In this paper I will explain my own attempt at answering that question, from the perspective of an amateur philosopher; then I shall delineate the answers that some biologists have given. We shall see that, while at first these two sets of answers might appear to be quite different, there are in fact some interesting and notable similarities. I have heard many different accounts of what it is to love someone - to care truly for that person's best interest, to be willing to sacrifice one's own life for that person's well-being, and so on, the list is infinite. To be sure, these accounts all have a measure of validity; there are many different forms of love. However, there is one aspect that all of them have in common, which is the same point at which I think they fail to capture what it really is to love someone: they are too altruistic. Humans, it seems to me, are essentially self-centered creatures; and I do not intend that statement to have the extreme negative connotations that usually accompany the term "self-centered". I mean it in the most literal sense: humans are centered around the self. Much as we may try, the self is un-transcend-able. At this point in scientific and spiritual progress, we cannot ever truly experience anything through another person's frame of reference - all that we can know for certain is tha t which we think and feel. Thus, it makes no sense to speak of love as a sort of "leaving the self". How, then, are we to think about it? I offer this alternative: so as to avoid the mistake of treating love as a form of altruism, we should think of loving another person as the act of loving oneself through another person - in other words, we love the people that make us feel best about ourselves, that bring out the best in ourselves. It is important to note that by no means does this definition entail that we do not genuinely care about the people we supposedly love. We can see this as follows: by this definition, it is essential that

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Essay

Description: Preferred language style: English (U.S.). Each student will complete a 15–20 page paper in which they will discuss current issues facing adolescents today and how a counselor should deal with these areas. The paper must be in APA style with a minimum of 15 current references (within five years). This paper is to be 15-20 pages in length, and that means the body of the paper itself -not the title page, abstract, etc†¦The topic is Adolescent Sexuality: PREVENTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY. Adolescent Sexuality: PREVENTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY Name: School: University: Adolescent Sexuality: Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Abstract: One of the commonest problems faced by teens in the several nations, has been the issue of teenage pregnancy. Although, the rates of teenage pregnancy are decreasing, there are still several problems associated with the issue. As teenage pregnancy can be a huge social issue and most of them do not want a child, such pregnancies can create a negative impact on the quality of life of the teenage couple. The rise in teenage pregnancy has been due to several issues including faster onset of maturity, greater occasions of premarital sex, etc. Besides, teenage pregnancy is usually not preferred due to several issues such as greater rates of defects in the developing child, greater amount of maternal problems, social concerns, difficulties of the mother in bringing up the child, etc. In all cases, efforts should be made to support the pregnant teenage girl rather than ignore her. A teenage pregnancy prevention program should look into several areas that encompass teenagers including career development, education, STD’s, contraception, counseling, drug abuse, women’s health, etc. It should involve several parties including the parents, politicians, social workers, child and women groups, NGO’s, etc. The two techniques that are utilized frequently include abstinence and contraception. Studies have shown that school-based prevention program were successful in decreasing the rates of pregnancy amongst teens. Efforts should be on to include the entire society in the teenage pregnancy prevention program. There are several factors that may cause the teenager to indulge in irresponsible sexual behavior including social factors, psychological factors, family factors, etc. The counselors should always try to include the parents, family and the entire society in the prevention programs. If abstinence-based programs seem to be difficult, then the contraception-based programs may seem to be effective. The counselor may have to follow a holistic approach in solving the problems of the teens. The counselor should determine the characteristics of the teens and accordingly use these characteristics to motivate them further. Teens whose academic performance is superior may seem to gain more from pregnancy prevention programs. The teenage pregnancy program should also look at various issues that surround teenagers including STD’s, contraceptives, drug abuse, careers, higher education, etc. It is also important that the teenage pregnancy prevention program helps pregnancy teenage girls to quality life without any problems. They should be taught how to handle the social and family pressure that may develop resulting from unwanted pregnancy. It is important that the teenage program involve the teenagers. The US HHS and the CDC have shown a lot of interest in the teenage pregnancy programs in recent years. In developing nations, the rates of teen pregnancy are on the rise. On the other hand, in the developed nations such as the US and Canada, the rates of teenage pregnancies are decreasing due to greater awareness levels. In the US, about 97 per every 1000 teenage girls (usually between the ages of 15 to 19 years) get pregnant each year. Most of these pregnancies (about three-quarters) are usually not wanted. During the years 1999-2000, the rates of teenage pregnancies have dropped. The rates of teenage pregnancies are about 28 %, and the rate of teenage childbirths is about 21 %. There may be several reasons for teenage pregnancies (Weiss, 2000 & Huberman, 2005). These include: – 1. Girls are maturing faster, now between the ages of 12 to 13 years. 2. Teenage sex is very common. Before the girl reaches adulthood in the US, about 80 % of them would have had sex. 3. Teenagers are less likely to take precautions in order to prevent pregnancy. 4. Teenagers are not aware of the reproductive problems that can develop during the pregnancy period (Weiss, 2000). Teenage pregnancy can have serious consequences and implications (Weiss, 2000). These include: – 1. Several problems such as miscarriage, neonatal death, stillborn baby, maternal sickness, etc are higher in teenage girls than in pregnant women. 2. Children born from teenage girls have several problems including developmental problems, congential defects, low birth weight, neglect, child abuse, etc. 3. Socially, teenage pregnancy is not accepted. 4. The teenage mother is more likely not to take care of the child. She is more likely to smoke, consume excessive alcohol, subject the baby to abuse, etc. 5. The government has to spend a huge amount to solve the problems related to teenage pregnancies. These include public health problems, housing, assistance, childcare, legal issues (Weiss, 2000). Teenage pregnancy prevention programs should have a specific objectives and goals. Studies have shown that from previous teenage pregnancies that the Socio-economic life, standard of living, etc, would be very poor following teenage pregnancy. As it is one of the major public health concerns, the politicians should take up the issue on a priority basis. It is important that the teenage parents be supported rather than being ignored. The main goals of any teenage pregnancy program are to: – 1. To bring down the teenage pregnancy rates by at least 50 % by the year 2010 (this is an objective of the Healthy People 2010). 2. To include the teenagers themselves in the program so that the initiatives made come from this group of the population itself. Teenagers should be educated, trained and employed in the teenage welfare programs. Special emphasis should be made on focusing on the teenage pregnancy prevention. 3. The teenage pregnancy prevention programs should also focus on other areas including drug abuse, gynecological issues, career development, counseling, etc. This would ensure that all-round the teenager is given attention. 4. Voluntary services should be oriented towards understanding teenage behavior and changing them in order to bring about better attitudes and practices. 5. Several stakeholders including the politicians, government, judiciary, social welfare groups, public, women’s groups, etc, should be involved in these programs. 6. Efforts should be organized at the national, regional and the local levels in order to help teenagers to develop appropriate attitudes and behaviors towards teenage pregnancies. 7. Adoption of better prevention techniques such as sex education, contraception, avoiding the risk factors, etc. 8. Supporting the teenagers and their parents so as to help them develop a good future. Also, to ensure that the teenagers get appropriate help in problematic situations. 9. Ensuring that the pregnant teen mother is given special attention during the pregnancy period. This would ensure that both the mother and the developing child is healthy and is able to get appropriate medical attention. Many may think that in a teenage pregnancy prevention program, the issues relating to the pregnancy period need not be considered. However, this should be an area of focus, as it would help to prevent further problems (Blank, 2003). The Government has begun to include teenage pregnancy prevention programs as one of the priority areas for the social cause. Initially, the government had a lot of problems associated with these programs. However, following a few initial hiccups, these programs have turned out to benefit the teenagers and their families in developing a fruitful life. One of the programs meant for teenage pregnancy prevention program is the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006 or SHPPS 2006. It is basically performed to study the various health programs and policies conduced at the classroom level. in the year 2000, about 45 % of the states belonging to various middle schools taught about pregnancy prevention, and in the year 2006 it increased to about 59%. With relation to high schools, this figure similar. The number of hours spent teaching on pregnancy prevention also varied in high, middle and elementary schools. In high schools it was 3.5 hours, 2.7 in middle schools and 1.3 in elementary schools. In high schools, 2.0 teachers were required to teach about pregnancy prevention in the year 2000, which increased to 2.6 in the year 2006. About 38 % of the districts and about 20 % of the states provided about pregnancy prevention services. These services were either provided on a one to one basis or on a group basis. About 28.4 % of the district authority provided for services on the local property rather than on the schools property. About 97 % of the schools provided for pregnancy prevention. About 28.7 % of the schools provided for pregnancy prevention programs through arrangement from outside organizations. The number of staff members who received training also varied. About 30.6 % of the staff had training on pregnancy prevention, 17 % had training on prenatal care and 14 % had training in childcare, 2 years before the program started. 20 % of the psychiatric service staff had training in pregnancy prevention and 13 % had training in child care (SHPPS, 2006). Currently, there are several issues, which could be responsible for promoting teenage pregnancy prevention. Many of the teenage prevention programs may not be successful, as they do not involve the society as a whole. The program strategy may be such that it lacks some amount of reality leading to a failure. Hence, the social blanket needed for the program to be a success should be greater. Furstenberg considers that the conflict present on sexuality needs to be resolved especially the cultural and the political tendencies. As the attitudes and behavior of the society towards teenage pregnancies has not been corrected so far, it may be difficult to control teenage pregnancy. Hence, methods adopted to prevent pregnancy can be adopted. The intervening variables include: – 1. Controlling age of entry to the sexual unions – There has been a dramatic increase in the number of teenagers who have sex before the marriage. In the 1950’s and the 1960’s, this figure was about 10 %, and in the 1970’s and the 1980’s this figure was 20 %. There could be many causes for this including peer pressures, lack of pressure from the home, trend in dating, etc. There has been also a rise in the cases of venereal diseases affecting the teenage population. Many a times, the teenage population is not exposed to family or parental discussions on sex and childbearing. This has created even greater number of problems. Family discussions usually create healthy practices and attitudes. Studies conducted in schools on teenage boys and girls demonstrated that family teaching had a great role. When family opposition was present without any kind of support or understanding, the teenagers indulged in sexual activity. One important fact to note was that it was not always true when there was an increase in the teenage sexual activity, there would be an increase in the teenage pregnancy rates. In the year 1979, there was an increase by about 50 % in the rates of sex in teenage girls. However, there was also a rise in 50 % in the contraceptive use. Studies have shown that use of contraceptives always did not help to prevent pregnancy, and hence something more was required (Kohli, 2007). 2. Contraception use – Studies conducted in the US and the Western European region demonstrated that even though the teenage sexual activity rates were similar in both the regions, the rate of teenage pregnancy rates were higher in the US compared to the Western European region. One of the main reasons as to why teenage girls become pregnant is that they do not stress upon the need to use a contraceptive. Some teenagers feel that they are not sexually active and feel that they would not need a contraceptive. Teenagers would also not like to make long-term decisions about their life. They may behave in an immature and irresponsible way due to their young age. Teenagers may always feel shy of purchasing a contraceptive. They may also not consider the risk of getting pregnant as real and may not use their knowledge to help prevent the pregnancy. Many girls fear that they would be losing a boy friend due to rejection if they did not have sex with him. This type of fear has lead to several problems. In true fact, it has been seen that girls usually prefer long-term relationships and boys prefer short-term relationships. Most boys would have no idea of contraception and pregnancy, and would usually leave it up to the female to prevent herself from getting pregnant (Kohli, 2007). 3. Use of abortion 4. Use of adoption Psychological factors associated with teenage pregnancy – Most of the teenage girls do not intent to have a child during their teenage period due to a variety of factors including the need to grow and develop academically, social factors, etc. Only a small proportion of teenagers would like to have an infant and improve their mission in life. The bringing of a child would also increase the relationship and the bonding to their boyfriends. Teenage pregnancy would also improve the chances of becoming independent, stepping into their motherhood, etc. However, the psychological problems created by teenage pregnancy are more often negative. It creates a sense of low self-esteem. Teenagers who become pregnant may not be given the same amount of respect and esteem as before. This is mainly due to the engagement in sex. These psychological pressures would invariable lead to poor academic performances. Poor performance in academics may in turn create a lot of psychological pressure for the teenager and may lead to irresponsible sexual behavior. If the sexual behavior is responsible and if the child was intelligent and understanding, it was found that the academic record was also good (Kohli, 2007). Family Factors – Family communication holds a vital key in helping prevent teenage pregnancy. The mother and the daughter need to hold vital discussions on how should teenage pregnancy are prevented. The teenage girl would use contraception infrequently and incorrectly if not advised by the mother. In the other side, important discussions between the father and the son would hold the key to responsible sexual behavior of the male teenagers. The parents and the child needs to invariable discussion about sex-related issues. This would certainly prevent anything untoward from happening. Frequently, it was found that the sexual behavior of the parents did not have an important role to play in permitting the child to have sex. Sons were less likely to follow the parental advice on sex than the daughters. Parents, who were friendly and attentive towards their children, resulted in the teenagers becoming less sexually active. If the parents take up the issue of contraception and sexual activity with the teenager at a young age, then the chances of the child staying close to the parents is high. Studies have shown that even if the parents approves of the child’s sexual practice through non-verbal means, the chances of developing healthy sexual behavior was high. In traditional families, the chances of having a binding daughter were higher, than the son. If the mother was a homemaker, the chances of the daughter sticking to the mother’s advice were higher. It was found that in the males, peer involvement had an even greater role to play than family factors. This is because boys may not want to discuss any sexual issue with the parent and instead prefer to discuss it with the friends. Boys may only want to discuss sexual issues with individuals of the same age and belonging to the same sex. Any bad company would create irresponsible sexual behavior. On the other hand, when it comes to girls, they are more often affected by the advice of the male teenager than with the advice of their female friends. When a single parent existed at home, the chances of developing irresponsible sexual behavior was higher. Sexual abuse and problems in the family, was more likely to be responsible for undesired sexual behavior in the teen. The teenager was likely not to give importance to self. Teenager who previously suffered from certain mental disorders or those who were involved in crime were at a greater chance of becoming pregnant (Kohli, 2007). Social factors – Children belonging to certain social groups are more likely not to indulge in sexual activity or use contraception as a mean to prevent pregnancy. It is usually seen that in restrictive societies, the chances of becoming pregnant during the teenage period are lesser. This is due to the restrictions placed by the families on the child to stay away from sex. Socio-economic status also plays an important role in helping to prevent getting pregnant. Hispanics and other sexual minorities due to their lower Socio-economic backgrounds are less likely to receive sexual advice from home and from school. They may also lack medical facilities and contraception (Kohli, 2007). A counselor conducting teenage prevention programs should use various methods to prevent the teenage girl from becoming pregnant. Some of the most frequently utilized methods of preventing teenage pregnancy include use of contraception and abstaining from sex. The counselor needs to ensure that both these methods are used either alone or in combination with one another, depending on the situation (Kohli, 2007). Children who belong to societies, which are having strict sexual code, would like the teenagers not to indulge in sexual activity. There may pressures from the family, school and society for the teenager to abstain from sex. The teenagers may be told to delay all sexual relationships until marriage. In such a circumstance, the counsellor would have to create attitudes and behaviors in the teenager so that they would delay all sexual activity until adulthood. One of the laws developed in the year 1996 was the Welfare reform law and this gave birth to the development of the Abstinence education program. Federal funds were being utilized in such a program to counsel and educate the teenagers of premarital sex and the need to abstain from it. Every year about 50 million dollars was spent on the program. Several activities were a part of the program. The HRSA developed a community-based abstinence program in the year 2001. Federal funds were utilized to educate the public about premarital sex. They also conducted education programs for students between the ages of 12 to 18 years. More than 20 million dollars was being spend every year on such programs (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002). The counselor would have a role to play in addition to that of the family. He should work in close association with the family and the school-based activities. Frequently, the counselor would be advising the school of the increased need to have school-based sex education classes. Some parents may not want their children to have school-based sex education classes and instead prefer to give them advice personally. In such circumstances, it is the duty of the counselor to advise the parents of the importance of such activities. In teenagers it is found that abstinence-based program may be difficult to prevent them from indulging in sexual activity, but would definitely help to prevent them from indulging in sexual activity until the age of 18 years (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002d). As teenage pregnancy has multiple factors responsible, the program to be successful and effective needs to adopt a holistic approach to solve the problem. One of the issues that the counselor needs to emphasis on is the need to continue education and literary to a higher level. Teenagers having higher intellectual capacity are more likely to get motivated and continue with education on a longer term. Some teenagers may also like the issue of getting employed and standing on one’s own feet. It is found that such students are more likely to follow the advise of the counselor and respond. The counselor should continuously motivate the teenager to use contraceptive during sexual activities or if possible to abstain from sex (Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006). The counselor should also use the family as a role model to ensure that the teenager adopts healthy sexual practices. The teenager should be convinced about the strong family ties that are present. They should be told to take their mother and father as role models and lead a life that is going to be constructive in the future. Students belonging to various colleges may have a lot of creativity housed within them. They would like to use this skill to build a future. This could also be used as a point on which further motivation can be performed (Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006). The intervention performed should not be single measures as a number of factors are involved that are related to teenage pregnancy. Some counselors would utilize various psychotherapy techniques to help the teenagers to adopt healthy sexual practices. Some of the psychotherapy techniques that could be utilized included family therapy, group therapy, support groups, couple therapy, etc (Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006). All the issues that encompass sex and teenage matters need to be sorted out in a teenage pregnancy prevention program. Some of these issues include HIV/AIDS, responsible sexual behavior, use of contraceptives, drug abuse, etc. The teenagers should be motivated to lead a fruitful and a productive life. Many teenagers may feel depressed and hopeless in case they fall pregnant. However, a counselor should also be available to tackle such situations and offer the teenagers a way out. The counselor would have to adopt a stand that would encourage the teenager. Some of the points over which the teenager could be encouraged include: – 1. Make the teenager understand that young blood could be utilized for constructive purposes. 2. Helps the teen to build a life filled with purpose and responsibility. 3. Building a very promising future. 4. Helping teenagers who have had previous pregnancies and abortions to lead a life filled with hope and quality (Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006). However, this is not always the case with teenagers who have had previous pregnancies. Teenagers who have had previous pregnancies may be pressurized from various quarters. They may be forced to lead a life filled with poverty, misery, hopelessness and depression. The counselor should in such situations be available to uplift such teenagers to lead a quality life. The counselor should consider such teenagers to be at a high risk for depression and suicidal tendencies. He should be able to assess the presence of such risk and accordingly take measures to protect the teenager. Teenagers under the difficulties of life, require love and care. For this reason, they may indulge in sexual activities. However, the performance of such activities may result in a critical error leading to the female girl becoming pregnant. The counselor should provide hope and motivation for the teenager to lead a fruitful life (Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006). One of the most effective programs when it comes to social issues such as teenage pregnancy, community-based approaches seems to be very superior. The US Health and Human Services is one organization that is supporting the use of community-based programs for the prevention of pregnancy amongst teenagers. They would be using various resources such as financial, human, supportive, infrastructure, material, etc, to perform various activities such as building partnerships, researching, monitoring, evaluating, planning, disseminating knowledge, etc (Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006 & US HHS, 2002). The CDC has taken the issue of teenage pregnancy prevention on a priority basis since the year 1995. The programs support various activities in order to help prevent teenage pregnancies. These include community actions, coordinated efforts, identify shortcomings, identifying and allocating resources, evaluating the project, etc. Several governmental and non-governmental would be taking part in such activities, including local, regional and federal (US HHS, 2002). Several other issues need to be considered in the teenage pregnancy prevention program. For the provision of reproductive health services, several health insurance options should be available to the teenagers (such as Medicaid and Medicare Services). Several of the State, Regional and Federal Public Health programs such as the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant, etc are meant for adolescent health and to prevent pregnancy in young teenage girls. Teenagers should also have facilities to help them with several other issues such as drug abuse, alcohol abuse, legal issues, etc (US HHS, 2002). In a teenage pregnancy prevention program, during the implementation certain principles need to be adhered to: –  · The objectives, goals and the expected outcome of the program should be clearly defined.  · The mode by which these objectives are to be achieved need to be determined.  · Collaboration should exist between the governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and private organizations.  · The involvement of teens in the program.  · The activities and the content of the program performed should be attractive to the teens.  · All activities should be constructive in nature.  · Cultural activities and local resources would provide huge amount of benefits.  · Use of local volunteers and counselors would also help in the program.  · Long-term support should be provided to the teens in helping to carve out something constructive for the future.  · The two measures by which the program would be acting include abstinence and contraception. Abstinence can delay the interest in indulging in sexual activity by the teen. Contraception methods and techniques should be taught. Males should be encouraged to take up contraception use, as it is more convenient and reduces the load on the females.  · The programs should be developmentally appropriate.  · Decision-making skills and problem-solving methods should be taught to the teenagers.  · Several health services such as gynecological services, obstetrics services, adolescent health, pregnancy testing, prevention and treatment for STD’s, contraceptive counseling, etc. The health services should incorporated certain features including confidentiality, informed consent, flexibility in appointments, free services, etc. (Davies, 2007). References: ASPE-HHS (2007). â€Å"Involving Health Care Professionals in Teen Pregnancy Prevention.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from ASPE-HHS Web site: http://aspe.hhs.gov/HSP/get-organized99/ch10.pdf Blank, L., Goyder, E. & Peters, J. (2003). â€Å"Teenage pregnancy prevention initiatives in New Deal Communities.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from The University of Sheffield Web site. Center For Maternal And Child Health (2007). â€Å"Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth Web site: http://www.fha.state.md.us/mch/html/teenpreg.cfm Children’s Aid Society Carrera (2006). â€Å"Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Children’s Aid Society Carrera Web site: http://www.stopteenpregnancy.com/ourprogram/ Connelly, M. T. & Inui, T. S. (2004). â€Å"Principles of Disease Prevention.† In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill. Davis, L. (2007). â€Å"Components of Promising Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth Web site: http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/iag/compnent.htm Huberman, B. (2005). â€Å"National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site. Kohli, V. & Nyberg, K. L. (2007). â€Å"Teen Pregnancy Prevention through Education.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from California State University Web site. Ontario’s Maternal, Newborn and Early Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). â€Å"Update report on Teen pregnancy prevention.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from OMNECD Web site: PCL (2007). â€Å"Unplanned Pregnancy Counselling.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from PCL Web site: http://www.pcl.org.au/ SHPPS (2006). â€Å"Pregnancy Prevention.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from SHPPS Web site. The National Campaign To Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2006). â€Å"Teen Pregnancy – So What?† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Teenage Pregnancy.org Web site: http://www.teenpregnancy.org/whycare/sowhat.asp US HHS (2002). â€Å"Preventing Teenage Pregnancy.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from US HHS Web site: http://www.policyalmanac.org/health/archive/hhs_teenage_pregnancy.shtml Weiss, D. (2007). â€Å"Reducing Teenage Pregnancy.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Planned Parenthood Web site: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policyissues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm University of Richmond (2003). â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy Prevention.† Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from University of Richmond Web site: http://www.solutionsforamerica.org/healthyfam/teenage-pregnancy.html